睇公立醫院泌尿科要唔要轉介信？

要！去公立醫院專科門診一定要有註冊醫生（普通科或私家醫生）簽發嘅轉介信先可以排期。如果選擇私家醫院或私家專科診所，通常唔需要轉介信就可以直接預約睇症。

女人有泌尿問題應該睇婦科定泌尿科？

如果係單純嘅泌尿系統問題，例如反覆尿道炎、血尿、腎結石或膀胱痛，無論男女都應該直接睇泌尿科。如果症狀涉及女性生殖器官，例如骨盆腔器官下垂或嚴重嘅壓力性尿失禁，可以選擇睇婦產科或泌尿婦科醫生。

泌尿科檢查會唔會好痛？

一般嘅非侵入性檢查如驗尿、尿流率測試及超聲波掃描係完全無痛嘅。膀胱內視鏡檢查會有輕微不適，但醫生會先注入局部麻醉潤滑啫喱，加上現時多數用軟性內視鏡，大部份人都可以輕鬆接受。

泌尿科門診收費大概幾多？

公立醫院專科門診每次診金為港幣$250。私家診所專科醫生診金約$800至$2,500不等，視乎醫生資歷、診所地段及檢查項目而定。超聲波檢查約$1,500至$3,500，膀胱內視鏡約$8,000至$20,000。

公立醫院泌尿科要等幾耐？

公立醫院專科門診嘅輪候時間視乎個案嘅緊急程度。緊急個案最快數週內可以睇到；半緊急個案通常數月；穩定新症嘅輪候時間可能長達數十個星期甚至超過一年。如果情況緊急或唔想等太耐，可以考慮私家泌尿科專科診所。

甚麼是泌尿科？泌尿科睇啲咩？

泌尿科（又稱泌尿外科）係專門診斷同治療泌尿系統疾病嘅專科，包括腎臟、輸尿管、膀胱、尿道嘅問題，以及男性生殖系統（前列腺、睪丸等）嘅疾病。無論男女老幼都有機會需要睇泌尿科。

點樣預防泌尿科疾病？

預防泌尿科疾病嘅方法包括：每日飲足夠水份（約6-8杯）、唔好忍尿、保持良好嘅個人衛生、戒煙（減低膀胱癌風險）、均衡飲食（減少高鈉高蛋白飲食以預防結石）、定期運動、50歲以上男士定期進行前列腺篩查、女士練習骨盆底肌肉運動等。

小便有血一定係腎癌或者膀胱癌嗎？要唔要即刻看醫生？

血尿（無論肉眼可見或顯微鏡下發現）都應該認真看待，但唔等於就係癌症。最常見原因依次為：尿道感染、腎結石、前列腺增生、藥物影響；只有約 10–15% 肉眼血尿同膀胱癌或腎癌相關。香港泌尿外科學會建議：40 歲以上、吸煙史、或反覆出現血尿者，必須做尿液細胞學、膀胱內視鏡及 CT urogram 三項評估。盡早求診可避免延誤癌症診斷。

女性反覆尿道炎點算？有何方法根治？

成年女性中約 20–30% 會經歷反覆尿道炎（一年≥3 次或半年≥2 次）。處理分三步：(1) 急性發作期足量抗生素；(2) 排除誘因（性生活衛生、糖尿病控制、絕經後雌激素缺乏）；(3) 長期預防策略——每日蔓越莓萃取（PAC ≥36 mg）、D-甘露糖、性行為後立即排尿、必要時低劑量預防性抗生素。如 3 個月內仍反覆，建議做膀胱鏡及上尿路影像排除結石或先天異常。

50 歲後男士幾耐要驗一次 PSA？正常值係幾多？

PSA（前列腺特異性抗原）係前列腺癌篩查重要指標。香港泌尿外科學會及 NCCN 建議：50–69 歲一般風險男士每 1–2 年驗一次；有家族史者 45 歲提早。一般正常值 <4 ng/mL，但需考慮年齡校正——50–59 <2.5、60–69 <3.5、70+ <4.5 較為敏感。PSA 單一數值不等於診斷，醫生會結合 PSA 密度、游離 PSA 比例、肛門指檢、必要時 MRI 或穿刺活檢綜合判斷。

腎結石患者每日要飲幾多水？飲咩水最好？

預防腎結石復發嘅黃金標準係每日尿量≥2.5 L，換算飲水量約 2.5–3 L。建議飲品：清水最好；檸檬水（含檸檬酸鹽，可抑制鈉鹽結晶）每日 1–2 杯；橙汁適量；避免可樂、運動飲品及高糖果汁（果糖增加尿酸與草酸鈉結石風險）。高草酸型應減少菠菜、堅果、朱古力、紅茶；高尿酸型需控制紅肉與內臟。建議每年驗一次 24 小時尿液生化。

點樣揀適合自己嘅泌尿科專科醫生？

揀醫生 4 個維度：(1) 資歷——需係香港醫委會註冊泌尿外科專科醫生（FRCSEd Urol 或同等）；(2) 亞專科經驗——例如腎結石揀 HoLEP / RIRS 醫生，前列腺癌揀經會陰穿刺、達文西機械臂手術專家；(3) 病例量——年手術量越大臨床判斷越成熟；(4) 溝通與透明度——好醫生會耐心解釋風險、提供二次意見、不催促不必要治療。建議首次看症帶齊以往報告，並帶 3 個關鍵問題。

泌尿科香港邊度搵到？私家同公立泌尿科有咩分別？

香港泌尿科服務主要分三類：(1) 公立——醫管局轄下 13 間泌尿外科專科門診（瑪麗、伊利沙伯、威爾斯、屯門等），首次診症 HK$135、其後 HK$80 連藥費，但穩定新症輪候時間長達 29–58 星期；(2) 私家醫院專科——養和、港安、嘉諾撒、聖保祿、港怡、仁安、中大醫院等均設泌尿外科團隊，會診費 HK$1,000–2,500，可即日或一星期內安排；(3) 私家泌尿科診所——分布於中環、銅鑼灣、旺角、沙田等地，會診費 HK$450–2,000，崔家倫醫生診所位於旺角彌敦道 700 號 7 樓（港鐵旺角站 B4 出口步行 2 分鐘），提供香港泌尿科專科診症同預約服務。

香港泌尿科同男科、婦科有咩分別？應該揀邊一科睇？

三科分工：(1) 泌尿科（泌尿外科）涵蓋腎臟、輸尿管、膀胱、尿道、前列腺、男性生殖系統嘅外科問題——血尿、結石、腎癌、膀胱癌、前列腺肥大 BPH、前列腺癌、勃起功能障礙、男性不育、尿道炎等；(2) 男科（Andrology）係泌尿科嘅子專業，集中於男性生殖荷爾蒙、勃起功能、不育、性功能障礙，多數由泌尿外科專科醫生兼任；(3) 婦科處理女性生殖系統嘅內科問題（月經、子宮、卵巢），但女性嘅尿失禁、反覆尿道炎、骨盆器官下垂等泌尿問題建議直接睇泌尿科。香港泌尿科服務同時接收男女病人，由註冊泌尿外科專科醫生主理。

Do I need a referral letter for public hospital urology?

Yes. To attend a public hospital specialist outpatient clinic in Hong Kong, you must have a referral letter from a registered doctor (GP or private doctor). You can upload your referral via the HA Go mobile app or register in person at the hospital. Private hospitals and specialist clinics generally do not require a referral for direct appointments, although most insurance companies still ask for one to process claims.

Should women see a gynaecologist or urologist for urinary problems?

For purely urinary problems such as recurrent UTIs, haematuria, kidney stones, or bladder pain, both men and women should see a urologist. If symptoms involve female reproductive organs, such as pelvic organ prolapse or severe stress incontinence, a gynaecologist or urogynaecologist may be more appropriate. If unsure, start with your GP for an initial assessment.

Are urological examinations painful?

Most non-invasive tests such as urinalysis, uroflowmetry, and ultrasound are painless. Cystoscopy may sound intimidating, but the doctor first applies local anaesthetic gel and modern flexible cystoscopes are well-tolerated. The procedure typically takes 5-10 minutes, and most patients describe it as slightly uncomfortable but bearable.

How much does a urology consultation cost in Hong Kong?

Public hospital specialist outpatient clinics charge HK$250 per visit (for eligible persons). Private specialist consultations range from HK$800 to HK$2,500 depending on the doctor's experience, clinic location, and investigations required. Ultrasound scans cost approximately HK$1,500-3,500, and cystoscopy ranges from HK$8,000-20,000.

How long is the waiting time at public hospitals?

Public hospital specialist clinic waiting times depend on case urgency. Urgent cases may be seen within weeks; semi-urgent cases within months; stable new cases may wait many months to over a year. If your condition is urgent or you prefer not to wait, consider a private urology specialist clinic.

What is the difference between urology and nephrology?

Urology primarily handles surgical problems of the urinary system, such as stones, tumours, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Nephrology primarily manages medical kidney problems such as chronic kidney disease, glomerulonephritis, and dialysis. Urology focuses on surgical treatment while nephrology focuses on medical treatment; the two specialties frequently collaborate and cross-refer patients.

How can I prevent urological diseases?

Prevention strategies include drinking adequate water daily (6-8 glasses), avoiding holding urine for long periods, maintaining good personal hygiene, quitting smoking (which reduces bladder cancer risk), eating a balanced diet (lower sodium and protein to prevent stones), exercising regularly, undergoing annual prostate screening for men over 50, and practising pelvic floor exercises for women.

Does blood in urine always mean kidney or bladder cancer?

Haematuria (whether visible or microscopic) must always be investigated, but it does not necessarily indicate cancer. The most common causes are urinary tract infection, kidney stones, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and certain medications. Only about 10-15% of visible haematuria is associated with bladder or kidney cancer. The Hong Kong Urological Association recommends that anyone aged 40+, with a smoking history, or with recurrent haematuria undergo a three-pronged workup: urine cytology, cystoscopy, and CT urogram. Early evaluation avoids delayed cancer diagnosis.

How do I manage recurrent UTIs in women?

Around 20-30% of adult women experience recurrent UTIs (defined as 3 or more episodes per year, or 2 within six months). Management has three pillars: (1) full-course antibiotics during acute episodes; (2) addressing risk factors (sexual hygiene, diabetes control, post-menopausal oestrogen deficiency); (3) long-term prevention strategies including daily cranberry extract (PAC ≥36 mg), D-mannose, post-coital voiding, and low-dose prophylactic antibiotics where appropriate. If episodes recur within 3 months, imaging and cystoscopy are advised to exclude stones or congenital anomalies.

How often should men over 50 check their PSA, and what is normal?

PSA (prostate-specific antigen) is the cornerstone of prostate cancer screening. The Hong Kong Urological Association and NCCN guidelines recommend testing every 1-2 years for average-risk men aged 50-69 (or starting at 45 with a family history). The conventional cut-off is <4 ng/mL, but age-adjusted ranges are more sensitive: 50-59 <2.5, 60-69 <3.5, 70+ <4.5. A single PSA value is not a diagnosis. Doctors consider PSA density, free-to-total PSA ratio, digital rectal examination, and where appropriate, multiparametric MRI or targeted biopsy.

How much water should kidney stone patients drink each day?

The gold standard for preventing kidney stone recurrence is to maintain a daily urine output of at least 2.5 L, which usually requires drinking 2.5-3 L of fluid. Best choices: plain water as the staple; lemon water (citrate inhibits crystal formation) 1-2 cups per day; moderate orange juice. Avoid cola, sports drinks, and sugary fruit juices, as fructose increases uric-acid and calcium-oxalate stone risk. Oxalate-stone formers should limit spinach, nuts, chocolate, and black tea; uric-acid formers should control red meat and organ meats. An annual 24-hour urine biochemistry profile is recommended.

How do I choose the right urologist for my condition?

Choose along four dimensions: (1) Credentials — the doctor must be a Hong Kong Medical Council registered urology specialist (FRCSEd Urol or equivalent); (2) Sub-specialty experience — e.g. HoLEP or RIRS surgeons for kidney stones; transperineal biopsy and Da Vinci robotic-arm surgeons for prostate cancer; (3) Volume — higher annual case volume typically reflects more mature judgement; (4) Communication and transparency — a good urologist patiently explains risks, supports second opinions, and never pressures unnecessary treatment. Bring prior reports and 3 prioritised questions to the first visit.

Where can I find urology services in Hong Kong, and what is the difference between public and private?

Urology services in Hong Kong fall into three tiers: (1) Public — 13 Hospital Authority specialist outpatient clinics across Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, Prince of Wales, Tuen Mun, etc. First visit HK$135, follow-up HK$80 including medication, but stable new cases wait 29–58 weeks; (2) Private hospitals — Hong Kong Sanatorium, Adventist, Canossa, St Paul's, Gleneagles, Union, CUHK Medical Centre all run urology teams. Consultation HK$1,000–2,500, same-day or within one week; (3) Private clinics across Central, Causeway Bay, Mong Kok, Sha Tin. Consultation HK$450–2,000. Dr Chui Ka Lun's clinic sits at Unit 7/F, 700 Nathan Road, Mong Kok (2-minute walk from MTR Mong Kok Exit B4), offering Hong Kong urology specialist consultation and online booking.

How does urology in Hong Kong differ from andrology and gynaecology? Which one should I see?

Three disciplines split the workload: (1) Urology (the surgical specialty) covers kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra, prostate and male reproductive surgery — haematuria, stones, renal cancer, bladder cancer, BPH, prostate cancer, erectile dysfunction, male infertility, urinary tract infection; (2) Andrology is a urology sub-specialty focused on male hormones, erectile function, infertility and sexual dysfunction, usually delivered by the same urology specialist; (3) Gynaecology handles the internal female reproductive system (menses, uterus, ovaries) — but female incontinence, recurrent UTI and pelvic organ prolapse should still go directly to urology. Hong Kong urology services treat both men and women under a Hong Kong Medical Council registered urology specialist.

香港泌尿科專科·全面看：男女常見泌尿問題一文看清·崔家倫醫生主編

香港泌尿外科專科·公眾教育平台。詳細拆解前列腺肥大 BPH、腎結石、尿道炎、尿失禁、PSA 篩查與 HOLEP 微創手術。

香港泌尿科專科·全面看：男女常見泌尿問題一文看清·崔家倫醫生主編

甚麼是泌尿科？香港泌尿外科專科簡介

香港男士常見泌尿疾病：BPH、前列腺癌、ED

香港女士常見泌尿疾病：尿失禁、UTI、間質性膀胱炎

男女共通泌尿疾病：腎石、血尿、膀胱癌

泌尿科常見檢查：PSA、膀胱鏡、尿動力學

請教泌尿科問題·預約崔家倫醫生